Atopic Dermatitis Associated Retinal Detachment and Retinal Vasculitis: A Case Report.

Atopic dermatitis is usually associated with various ocular complications. We report a 21-year-old Chinese male who presented to our ophthalmology clinic with bilateral retinal detachment and cataracts. The patient had a clear medical history of atopic dermatitis, which had been diagnosed eight years earlier and had been treated with loratadine and pimecrolimus. Cataract surgery was performed for both eyes, combined with scleral buckling for the right eye and pars plana vitrectomy for the left eye. During postoperative follow-up, fundus fluorescein angiography showed retinal vasculitis in both eyes and macular edema in the left eye, which coincided with an exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. Macular edema improved after four months of regular dupilumab treatment in the dermatology department. The ocular condition remained stable three years postoperatively.

Analysis of Risk Factors of Postoperative Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in Patients With Cervical Cancer.

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) has a significant negative impact on surgical and tumor patient's safety and quality of life. There was no specific report on the incidence and risk factors of postoperative lower extremity DVT in cervical cancer patients. Analysis of the risk factors of postoperative DVT in patients with cervical cancer is of great clinical significance for prevention and treatment. We retrospectively analyzed 309 cervical cancer patients treated by the Hubei Cervical Cancer Prevention Center and used a logistic regression model to test the risk variables of postoperative lower extremity deep venous thrombosis in cervical cancer patients. By univariate analyses, the results of the study showed that the incidence of postoperative DVT was significantly increased in cervical cancer patients complicated with old age, obesity, high preoperative plasma D-dimer level, increased preoperative triglyceride level, chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease), open surgery, long operation time, intraoperative blood transfusion, advanced tumor stage, and preoperative chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Advanced age, obesity, elevated preoperative D-dimer level, high preoperative triglyceride level, and open surgery were independent risk factors for postoperative lower extremity DVT in patients with cervical cancer by multivariate regression analyses (all P < .05). In gynecologic patients with cervical cancer, there is a high incidence of postoperative lower extremity DVT. Clinicians should develop systematic and comprehensive prevention and treatment measures for the risk factors to lower this morbidity and improve patient prognosis.

Retinal Vasculitis as an Ocular Manifestation in Atopic Dermatitis-Associated Retinal Detachment: A Case Report.

Atopic dermatitis is usually associated with various ocular complications. We report a 21-year-old Chinese male who presented to our ophthalmology clinic with bilateral retinal detachment and cataracts. The patient had a clear medical history of atopic dermatitis, which had been diagnosed eight years earlier and had been treated with loratadine and pimecrolimus. Cataract surgery was performed in both eyes, combined with scleral buckling in the right eye and pars plana vitrectomy in the left eye. During postoperative follow-up, fundus fluorescein angiography indicated retinal vasculitis in both eyes and macular edema in the left eye, which coincided with an exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. Macular edema improved after four months of regular dupilumab treatment in the dermatology department. The ocular condition remained stable three years postoperatively.

Central and Peripheral Changes in Retinal Vein Occlusion and Fellow Eyes in Ultra-Widefield Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Purpose: To explore the central and peripheral retinal and choroidal changes in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and fellow eyes using ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (UWF-SS-OCTA). Methods: Fifteen ischemic central RVO (CRVO), 15 branch RVO (BRVO), and 15 age-matched healthy controls were prospectively recruited. Retinal and choroidal parameters, including retinal vessel flow density (VFD) and vessel linear density (VLD), choroidal vascularity volume (CVV), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), and VFD in the large and medium choroidal vessels (LMCV-VFD), were measured in the central and peripheral regions of the 24 × 20-mm UWF-SS-OCTA images. Results: Ischemic CRVO and BRVO eyes showed increased foveal avascular zone area, perimeter, and acircularity index (AI) compared to their fellow eyes and healthy control eyes, and RVO fellow eyes also had larger AI values than controls (P < 0.05). For ischemic CRVO and BRVO eyes versus control eyes, VFD, VLD, CVV, CVI, and LMCV-VFD decreased, but retinal thickness and volume in the superficial capillary plexus, deep capillary plexus, and whole retina increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, RVO fellow eyes also showed significantly decreased retinal VFD, LMCV-VFD, and CVI, as well as increased retinal thickness and volume, compared with control eyes (P < 0.05). Alterations were not consistent throughout the retina, as they involved only the peripheral or central regions in some cases. Conclusions: The affected and unaffected fellow eyes of RVO patients both demonstrated central and/or peripheral structural and vascular alterations in the retina and choroid. Because UWF-SS-OCTA enables visualization and evaluation of the vasculature outside the posterior pole, it presents a promising approach to more fully characterize vascular alterations in RVO.

Quantitative assessment of retinal vasculature changes in systemic lupus erythematosus using wide-field OCTA and the correlation with disease activity.

Purpose: To assess the retinal vasculature changes quantitatively using wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and explore its correlation with systemic clinical features. Design: Prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Participants and controls: Patients with SLE who presented to the Ophthalmology Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from November 2022 to April 2023 were collected. The subjects were divided into retinopathy and without retinopathy groups. Age and gender-matched healthy subjects were selected as controls. Methods: Patients with SLE and control subjects were imaged with 24×20 mm OCTA scans centered on the fovea and 6×6 mm OCTA scans centered on the optic disc. The sub-layers of OCTA images were stratified by the built-in software of the device and then the retinal thickness and vessel density were measured automatically. The characteristics of retinal OCTA parameters of SLE and its correlation with systemic clinical indicators of patients without retinopathy were analyzed. Main outcome measures: OCTA parameters, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and systemic clinical indicators of patients such as disease activity index, autoimmune antibodies, and inflammatory marker levels were collected. Results: A total of 102 SLE patients were included, 24 of which had retinopathy, and 78 had unaffected retina. Wide-field OCTA could effectively detect retinal vascular obstruction, non-perfusion area, and morphological abnormalities in patients with lupus retinopathy. SLE patients without retinopathy had significantly higher retinal superficial vessel density (SVD) in foveal (P=0.02), para-foveal temporal (P=0.01), nasal (P=0.01), peripheral foveal temporal (P=0.02), and inferior areas (P=0.02), as well as subregion temporal (P=0.01) and inferior areas (P=0.03) when compared with healthy controls (n=65 eyes from 65 participants). The area under curve (AUC) value of subregion inferior SVD combined parafoveal temporal SVD was up to 0.70. There was a significantly positive correlation between SVD and disease activity in SLE without retinopathy group. Patients with severe activity had the most significant increase in SVD. Conclusion: Wide-field OCTA can provide a relatively comprehensive assessment of the retinal vasculature in SLE. In the absence of pathological changes of the retina, the SVD was significantly increased and was positively correlated with the disease activity of SLE.

Impacts of angiotensin II on retinal artery changes in apolipoprotein E deficient mice.

AIM: To investigate the impacts of angiotensin II (Ang II) on retinal artery changes in apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE-/-) mice. METHODS: apoE-/- male mice were infused by minipumps with Ang II at 1000 ng/kg·min (Ang II group) or saline (control group) for 28d. They were underwent ophthalmic fundus examination on day 0, 14, and 28 of infusion. Histopathologic examination, ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing and local Ang II measurement of retinas were conducted. RESULTS: Ophthalmic fundus examination showed Ang II infusion promoted the formation of retinal arterial aneurysm-like lesions on day 28. Optical coherence tomography revealed the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness in the control group was significantly thinner than that in Ang II group (P<0.001). Hematoxylin-eosin staining demonstrated diffused swelling of GCIPL layer and its disordered structure in Ang II group. Transmission electron microscopy showed Ang II infusion caused aggravation of atherosclerotic lesions, including increased swelling, roughness, disorganization of the retinal vasculature, and vacuoles formation. RNA-sequencing and gene ontology enrichment analysis demonstrated that the structure and function of cellular membrane might be disturbed and visual function might be compromised by Ang II. The local level of Ang II was higher in Ang II infusion group but did not show significant differences compared to the control group (P=0.086). CONCLUSION: Ang II infusion promotes the formation of retinal arterial aneurysm-like lesions in apoE-/- mice, causing aggravation of atherosclerotic lesions, more severe disorganization of the retinal vasculature and disturbance of the cellular membrane.

AKT/FOXM1/STMN1 signaling pathway activation by SMC1A promotes tumor growth in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Upregulation of SMC1A (Structural maintenance of chromosomes 1A) is linked with many types of cancer and its oncogenic function, which has been associated with crucial cellular mechanisms (cell division, cell cycle checkpoints regulation and DNA repair). Recent studies have shown that SMC1A was involved in breast cancer, although the exact mechanisms of SMC1A remain to be determined. METHODS: Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we examined SMC1A expression and its relation to other genes, including FOXM1 and STMN1. Short hairpin RNA was used to subsequently examine the biological roles of SMC1A in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines. Bioinformatics were performed to identify the SMC1A-related gene FOXM1. RESULTS: Here, we used the TCGA database to show that SMC1A is overexpressed in breast cancer. Later investigations showed SMC1A's role in breast cancer cell survival, apoptosis and invasion. Using bioinformatics and western blot assays, we confirmed that FOXM1 acted as the downstream of SMC1A, and SMC1A knockdown significantly downregulated the FOXM1 expression via the AKT signal pathway. Interestingly, the inhibition effects induced by SMC1A downregulation could be reversed by FOXM1 overexpression. In the clinic, SMC1A expression is favorably linked with FOXM1 expression in breast cancer tumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our results not only enhance our knowledge of SMC1A's molecular pathways in breast cancer, but also suggest a potential new therapeutic target.

Atypical Placental Site Nodules within the Diverticulum of the Uterine Incision, a Rare Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Misdiagnosed as Intrauterine Residue: A Case Report.

Atypical placental site nodule (APSN) is a rare benign gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). It is a tumor-like transformation that has a certain probability of developing into a placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) or epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). Because of its atypical clinical presentation, it is difficult to diagnose and susceptible to misdiagnosis highly, thus delaying the patient's condition. We report a scarce case of atypical nodules at the placental site of the uterine incision diverticulum in a 35-year-old female, who was irregular vaginal bleeding after a cesarean Sect. 2 years. She was diagnosed by several local hospitals with intrauterine residue and was given a variety of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) orally, but the symptoms of irregular vaginal bleeding have not been alleviated. After being transferred to several hospitals, she went to Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital for treatment. Under the condition of excluding the second pregnancy, she underwent hysteroscopic resection of lesions and laparoscopic repair of uterine incision diverticulum. The pathological diagnosis after the operation suggested that the focus at the uterine incision was an atypical placental nodule that invaded the myometrium of the uterus. The operation completely removed the focus, and then the patient was followed up every 3 months in the first postoperative year, then every 6 months up to 3 years, and then annually thereafter up to 5 years, and then maybe every 2 years thereafter. The patient's condition was quickly controlled, and the prognosis was good.

The incidence, risk factors, management and prognosis of postoperative systemic complications after ophthalmic surgery: a retrospective study at a tertiary, academic referral hospital over a decade.

PURPOSE: To explore the incidence, risk factors, management and prognosis of systemic complications after ophthalmic surgeries. METHODS: A retrospective review of hospitalized patients undergoing ophthalmic surgeries between 2012 and 2022 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital was performed to summarize and analyse the postoperative systemic complications. Multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to clarify the risk factors of postoperative systemic complications and factors associated with the severity of adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 34,841 patients underwent inpatient ophthalmic surgery, among which 162 systemic complications occurred in 150 patients during postoperative hospitalization. The overall incidence rate was 0.4%, with cardiovascular events (48.1%), digestive events (13.6%) and fever (12.3%) being the leading causes. About 17.3% of the cases had conditions improved after observation, 19.1% after symptomatic treatment, 54.9% had consultation with specific intervention and 8.6% were transferred to the corresponding departments for specialized treatment. For the prognosis, 93.8% had condition improved, 5.6% chose voluntary discharge without improvement, and one patient died of respiratory failure caused by postoperative pulmonary infection. The worse ADL (activities of daily living) grading, indication of primary intraocular lymphoma or intraocular tumour, surgery of simple pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), PPV with silicone oil tamponade, PPV with gas tamponade, general anaesthesia, history of diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic heart failure and digestive system disease were the risk factors positively correlated with postoperative systemic complications (p < .05). The worse ADL grading, history of DM and respiratory system disease were also positively correlated with the severity of the adverse events (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of postoperative systemic complications was low among patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery, most were mild and could be relieved after observation, symptomatic or specialist consultation. Patients with worse ADL and history of DM should be paid extra attention.

Novel MCP-Windowed EUV Light Source and Its Mass Spectrometric Application for Detecting Chlorinated Methanes.

Various vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamps are simple and convenient VUV light sources for mass spectrometry and other research fields. However, the strong absorption of high-energy photons by window materials limits the application of an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light. In this study, a novel high-flux EUV light source is developed using a microchannel plate (MCP) window to transmit 73.6 nm (16.9 eV) EUV light generated via the radio frequency (RF) inductive discharge of neon. The MCP used is a 0.5 mm thick glass plate with a regular array of microtubes (12 µm i.d.). The photon fluxes of the EUV light source with the MCP window (12 mm i.d.) and an aperture (1.8 mm i.d.) are ∼1.31 × 1014 and ∼9.80 × 1012 photons s-1, respectively, while their corresponding leakage flow rates of the discharge gas are 0.062 and 0.046 cm3 atom s-1, according to the contrast experiments. The transmission efficiency of the MCP to the EUV light is 30.2%, with a 1.2% deviation. An EUV photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EUV-PI-TOFMS) is built to validate the practicality of the MCP-windowed EUV light source further. The detection sensitivities in 30 s measurements for methyl chloride (CH3Cl), methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), trichloromethane (CHCl3), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in synthetic air are 4366, 4120, 5854, and 4095 counts ppbv-1, respectively. The corresponding 3σ limits of detection (LODs) are 42, 34, 24, and 15 pptv. This study develops a new feasible method for efficiently utilizing high-energy EUV light, with many application prospects in scientific research.

A Simple High-Flux Switchable VUV Lamp Based on an Electrodeless Fluorescent Lamp for SPI/PAI Mass Spectrometry.

Single-photon ionization (SPI) is a unique soft ionization technique for organic analysis. A convenient high-flux vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light source is a key precondition for wide application of SPI techniques. In this study, we present a novel VUV lamp by simply modifying an ordinary electrodeless fluorescent lamp. By replacing the glass bulb with a stainless steel bulb and introducing 5% Kr/He (v/v) as the excitation gas, an excellent VUV photon flux over 4.0 × 1014 photons s-1 was obtained. Due to its rapid glow characteristics, the VUV lamp can be switched on and off instantly as required by detection, ensuring the stability and service life of the lamp. To demonstrate the performance of the new lamp, the switchable VUV lamp was coupled with an SPI-mass spectrometer, which could be changed to photoinduced associative ionization (PAI) mode by doping gaseous CH2Cl2 to initiate an associative ionization reaction. Two types of volatile organic compounds sensitive to SPI and PAI, typically benzene series and oxygenated organics, respectively, were selected as samples. The instrument exhibited a high detection sensitivity for the tested compounds. With a measurement time of 11 s, the 3σ limits of detection ranged from 0.33 to 0.75 pptv in SPI mode and from 0.03 to 0.12 pptv in PAI mode. This study provides an extremely simple method to assemble a VUV lamp with many merits, e.g., portability, robustness, durability, low cost, and high flux. The VUV lamp may contribute to the development of SPI-related highly sensitive detection technologies.

Purtscher-Like Retinopathy Associated With Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome.

This case report discusses a diagnosis of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in a woman aged 38 years who presented with progressively blurry vision in both eyes over a period of 10 days.

Central and peripheral changes in the retina and choroid in patients with diabetes mellitus without clinical diabetic retinopathy assessed by ultra-wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography.

Background: To explore the central and peripheral retinal and choroidal changes in diabetic patients without clinical diabetic retinopathy (DM-NoDR) using ultra-wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (UWF-SS-OCTA). Methods: 67 DM-NoDR eyes and 32 age-matched healthy eyes were recruited. Retinal and choroidal parameters, including qualitative retinal microangiopathy, vessel flow (VFD) and linear density (VLD), thickness, and volume, were measured in the central and peripheral areas of the 24 × 20 mm2 UWF-SS-OCTA images. Results: DM-NoDR eyes had significantly more nonperfusion area and capillary tortuosity than controls in the central and peripheral areas (p < 0.05). The presence of central capillary tortuosity was associated with higher levels of serum creatinine (OR 1.049, 95%CI 1.001-1.098; p = 0.044) and blood urea nitrogen (OR 1.775, 95%CI 1.051-2.998; p = 0.032) in DM-NoDR eyes. For DM-NoDR eyes versus controls, VFD in the 300-µm annulus around the foveal avascular zone, superficial capillary plexus (SCP), and full retina, and SCP-VLD significantly decreased, while VFD in the deep capillary plexus (DCP), retinal thickness, and retinal volume increased (p < 0.05). Analysis in the central and peripheral areas recapitulated all these findings, except for decreased peripheral thickness and volume and no difference in peripheral DCP-VFD. In DM-NoDR eyes, choriocapillaris-VFD, choroidal thickness, and choroidal volume increased in the central area, while VFD in the large and medium choroidal vessel layer decreased in the whole image (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Retinal and choroidal changes already existed in the central and/or peripheral areas of DM-NoDR eyes. UWF-SS-OCTA, enabling the visualization of the peripheral fundus area, is a promising image technique for the early detection of fundus changes in DM-NoDR patients.

Perfect adaptation achieved by transport limitations governs the inorganic phosphate response in S. cerevisiae.

Cells cope with and adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions. Sophisticated regulatory networks allow cells to adjust to these fluctuating environments. One such archetypal system is the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pho regulon. When external inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration is low, the Pho regulon activates, expressing genes that scavenge external and internal Pi. However, the precise mechanism controlling this regulon remains elusive. We conducted a systems analysis of the Pho regulon on the single-cell level under well-controlled environmental conditions. This analysis identified a robust, perfectly adapted Pho regulon state in intermediate Pi conditions, and we identified an intermediate nuclear localization state of the transcriptional master regulator Pho4p. The existence of an intermediate nuclear Pho4p state unifies and resolves outstanding incongruities associated with the Pho regulon, explains the observed programmatic states of the Pho regulon, and improves our general understanding of how nature evolves and controls sophisticated gene regulatory networks. We further propose that robustness and perfect adaptation are not achieved through complex network-centric control but by simple transport biophysics. The ubiquity of multitransporter systems suggests that similar mechanisms could govern the function of other regulatory networks as well.

Direct detection of acetonitrile at the pptv level with photoinduced associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Photoionization mass spectrometry (PI-MS) has become a versatile tool in the real-time analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the atmosphere or exhaled breath. However, some key species, e.g., acetonitrile, are hard to measure due to their higher ionization energies than photon energy. In this study, the direct and sensitive detection of gaseous acetonitrile based on a photoinduced associative ionization (PAI) reaction was investigated with a laboratory-built PAI time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PAI-TOFMS). By doping CH2Cl2 in the photoionization ion source, the mass signal of acetonitrile that cannot be effectively obtained by photoionization appeared with an extremely high intensity through the PAI reaction between acetonitrile, CH2Cl2, and residual H2O in the system. Though the moisture in the sample gas has an evident impact on the detection efficiency of acetonitrile, with a relative signal intensity decreasing from 100% under dry conditions to 60% at saturated relative humidity, excellent detection sensitivity was still obtained for gaseous acetonitrile in different matrixes. The sensitivity calibration experiment showed that the detection sensitivities of acetonitrile in N2 buffer gas, exhaled gas, and outdoor air were 682.4 ± 5.2, 17.0 ± 0.7, and 23.9 ± 0.2 counts pptv-1, respectively, with an analysis time of 10 s. The corresponding 3σ LODs reached 0.22, 8.82, and 6.28 pptv, which are equivalent to 0.40, 16.0, and 11.4 ng m-3. The performance of the PAI-TOFMS was first demonstrated by analyzing exhaled acetonitrile from healthy non-smokers and smokers and continuous monitoring of acetonitrile in outdoor air. In summary, this study provides a new and highly sensitive method for the real-time detection of acetonitrile through mass spectrometry.

Case report: Congenital mitral and tricuspid valve insufficiency in a patient with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is an autosomal dominant disorder that is primarily due to disruption of the development of neural crest cells. The onset of associated symptoms in both eyes accompanied by extraocular developmental defects is referred to as ARS. Cardiac defects associated with ARS have been reported, but the extent of the cardiac defects has yet to be defined. We report a case of a 17-year-old girl with ARS with typical facial malformations and severe mitral and tricuspid valve insufficiency. The patient was diagnosed with secondary glaucoma detected on ophthalmologic examination. Echocardiography showed severe mitral and tricuspid valve insufficiency. This case provides further evidence of the association of ARS with cardiac malformations and extends the reported range of cardiac malformations in patients with ARS.

Effective Electro-Activation Process of Hydrogen Peroxide/Peroxydisulfate Induced by Atomic Hydrogen for Rapid Oxidation of Norfloxacin over the Carbon-Based Pd Nanocatalyst.

Peroxydisulfate (PDS) can be activated by electrochemistry, for which using atom H* as an activator is feasibly favorable in theoretical and experimental applications. Studies have shown that atomic H* can cleave the peroxide bond as a single-electron reducing agent in Na2S2O8 to generate SO4•-, thus achieving the degradation of pollutants. Herein, Pd nanoparticles synthesized by in an in situ solution were dispersed in carbon black and then loaded on carbon felt, called Pd/C@CF, as the cathode for peroxydisulfate activation. This showed an ideal degradation effect on a small electrode (10 mm × 10 mm). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) tests were taken to verify the significant increase in the yield of the reduction of Na2S2O8 by H*. The degradation experiments and free-radical scavenging experiment confirmed that the atomic H* was the dominant component triggering the activation of PDS to generate SO4•-. A Pd/C@CF composite electrodes have low pH dependence, high stability and recyclability, etc., which has many potential practical applications in wastewater treatment. In addition, H* can also reduce H2O2 to •OH by breaking the peroxide bond, so the removal of pollutants by the same amount of H2O2 and Na2S2O8 under the same conditions is compared, and their application prospects are analyzed and compared.

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EALES DISEASE AND THE EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT INTERVENTIONS FOR NEOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS.

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical features and manifestations of Eales disease and the efficacy of different interventions. METHODS: The databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Ovid from inception until February 2021 were searched. Pooled analyses included 1) presenting features, 2) symptoms and signs, and 3) postoperative vision outcomes and complications. Statistical analyses were conducted with R software version 3.6.3. RESULTS: Forty-seven studies involving 3,557 patients and 4,959 eyes were included. The pooling results showed that Eales disease was male dominated (94%), bilateral involvement (64%), and mainly occurred in adolescents. Approximately 83% of patients were positive in Mantoux test, and 31% of patients have vitreous tap polymerase chain reaction positive for tuberculosis genome. More than half of the patients had decreased vision at the first clinic visit. The common signs of Eales disease included sclerotic vessels (83%), neovascularization of retina elsewhere (64%) and periphlebitis (51%). Macular changes could be detected in 24% of patients. The most common complication was vitreous hemorrhage, followed by cataracts and retinal detachment. Photocoagulation was directed at nonperfusion or neovascularization areas, with a decrease in the incidence of later pars plana vitrectomy (19%). Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment was suggested for vitreous hemorrhage, which could achieve high visual acuity improvement rate (82%) while increasing the possibility of retinal detachment (18%). Pars plana vitrectomy was indicated in cases with persistent vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment, with 56% of patients obtaining visual improvement. Still, 17% of patients needed a second pars plana vitrectomy, mainly because of recurrent vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment. CONCLUSION: Eales disease most commonly affects young men. It has diverse clinical features, and management should be based on the progression of the disease.